If you do a good job managing those weeds early on, then you should have fewer weeds as the season progresses. Edible fruits and nuts. Narrow intra-row spacing did not significantly . A. Oloniruha, F. G. Ayodele, and I. Am Eur J Sustain Agric. What Is Row Planting and How Crops Are Arranged, is enhanced which increases gas exchanges and prevents excessive humidity, Best Tips to Maintain Tractors for Winter! Keywords: Inter-Row spacing, Staggered Planting, Collard Varieties, Wiregrass Tunnel . The mung bean variety Rasa (N-26) was used for the experiment. Fruit length (cm): the fruit length of 10 randomly selected marketable fruits from each plot at each harvest was measured using a caliper meter, and their average is expressed as fruit length. The current result was in accord with the results of Chernet et al. Join the GROW community to receive information on IWM strategies that really work, right to your inbox. Addis Ababa Ethiopia, the FDRE statistical bulletin, Vol. Number of primary branches per plant: the number of primary branches of randomly selected 10 plants from each plot was recorded. 51445148, 2011. between intra row spacing and variety showed that the use of wider row spacing in combination with the varieties improved the plant height, stem girth and number of pods significantly. How many atoms particles are in a nucleus? Similarly, 20100 resulted in higher fruit length with no significant difference to other interaction effects of inter- and intrarow spacing. Agricultural sample survey 2008/2009: report on area and production of crops (private peasant holdings Meher season). Palmer amaranth is among the most damaging HR weeds, and is well known for growing far taller than soybean. 2009;3:87780. Therefore we can use the equation for equidistant spacing to determine the theoretically optimum row spacing. Maboko et al. J Agric Sci Technol. The longest days to flowering with a wider inter- and intra-row spacing might be due to the fact that more nutritional area available in the wider row spacing might have caused the crop to flower later than the narrower spacing. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using SAS software [16]. It has low calories and is rich in fiber and easily digestible crop without causing flatulence as happens with many other legumes [7]. However, planting arrangement of 100 and 120cm resulted in a reduced yield of 49.85% and 50.21% compared to 60cm, respectively. This could be due to the genetic nature of the plant which is much responsive for yield and yield-related components (Table 2) rather than ontogeny and phenological characteristics of the plant. Kasaye Tolesa is an academic researcher. 1997;84(3):1602. It is mainly cultivated in North Shewa, Harerge, Illubabor, Gamo Gofa, Tigray and Gondar. Spatial arrangementis the systematic apportioning of the farm area or any growing surface for crop production. 1, pp. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. The ideal spacing between the rows in your garden provides ample room for your plants to grow and for you to work in. Are Tractors Allowed on the Road? The closer plant spacing (15cm) produced also shorter plants (120.30 cm). The treatments were arranged in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. 25, no. Agronomy Journal 95:564-573. The highest number of pods per plant (26.73) was obtained from 5015cm inter- and intra-row spacing, while the lowest number of pods per plant (7.53) was found at 205cm at Metema site two (Table6). In Bangladesh, as well as in other countries, various experiments with improper spacing reduced the yield of mung bean up to 2040% [29]. Different factors affecting to mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) tofu production. For most crops such as beans, corn, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, okra, peas and squash, 36-inch row spacing would be the minimum. Significant (<0.01) differences was observed in plant height due to the main effects of inter- and intrarow spacing. Results indicated that intrarow and interrow spacing had a nonsignificant (>0.05) effect on the number of primary branches (Table 1). Row spacing. Therefore, farmers can use 20cm intrarow spacing and 60cm interrow spacing for higher yield and quality fruit production of the Weyno variety. While narrow row spacing can reduce CPWC, it can sometimes reduce yield if plants are spaced too closely together due to competition between the crop plants themselves. Correspondence to It refers to the distance between plants. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. It is an important wide-spreading, herbaceous and annual legume pulse crop cultivated mostly by traditional farmers [2]. What is intra row spacing? maximum growth of potato were observed for all treatments at the application rate of 138kg nitrogen per hectare and50cm intra row spacing except main stem number (10.22) which is at 30 cm, However the results of the experiment did East-west row orientation is preferred to maximize light absorption, but this is not always possible. The aim of the present study is to compare the intra- and inter-connectivity of the intrinsic networks between a large sample of patients . Nitrogen rate and plant population effects on yield and yield components in soybean. The maximum plant height (79.83 cm) was recorded at inter-row spacing of 20, 30 and 40 cm (Table 2 ). The manipulation of row spacing is a conceptually simple management tactic that can have a sizable impact on weeds in some crops. The average production is incomparable with the average yield of other countries such as China (59.4tons ha1), India (24.6 tonsha1), USA (96.8tons ha1), Turkey (68.8tons ha1), and Egypt (40.9tons ha1) [8]. Rafiei M. Influence of tillage and plant density on mung bean. This could verify that this intrarow spacing is from other interrow spacing treatments. The highest number of unmarketable and marketable fruit was recorded from a closer spacing of 60cm followed by 80cm interrow spacing with no significant difference in between. Regardless of interrow spacing, using 20cm intrarow spacing increased marketable fruit yield by 35.96% as compared to the frequently used spacing by farmers which is 30cm. N. Ara, M. Bashar, S. Begum, and S. Kakon, Effect of spacing and stem pruning on the growth and yield of tomato, International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, vol. Hence, a study was conducted in two research stations at Arsi Negele and Melkasa Agricultural Research Center (MARC), during 2019 . Generally, this research result showed that an intrarow spacing of 20cm increased marketable fruit yield and an interrow spacing of 60cm resulted higher marketable fruit yield, unmarketable fruit yield, and the number of marketable and unmarketable fruit yield. Although research has revealed that narrow row spacing is beneficial for some crops, each crop varies in growth characteristics and CPWC. Do gas fireplace doors need to be opened or closed? Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. For this example, the rows should be spaced 3.03 m apart, resulting in precisely 3.5 m spacing between each plant in all . Crops are typically most susceptible to weed competition during their early growth stages. apart, respectively. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 2008;3(4):6668. Its leave are modified into spines 6 This is also an insect-ea plant. Bogor, Indonesia: PROSEA. Six-week old transplants were established at an 80 cm inter-row spacing with intra-row spacings of 20, 30 or 40 cm and bed heights of 20, 30 and 40 cm. To view the article details, please click the Corrigendum tab above. [16] and Desalegne [6] also reported that the closer the spacing between rows, the minimum was the number of sun-scorched fruits. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. The net benefit was calculated as the difference between the gross field benefit (Ethiopian Birrha1) and the total costs (Ethiopian Birrha1) that varied. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2015. p. 96103. Bagavathiannan, M.V., Norsworthy, J.K., Smith, K.L., Neve, P. (2011) Growth and reproduction of barnyardgrass (. ) Data was collected on number of leaves per plant, number of stem, leaf length, above ground fresh weight. An intra- and interrow spacing interaction 2060cm gave the shortest (6.03cm) fruit length (Table 2). In Ethiopia, tomato is the main source of income and food security in most rift valley areas. 6, no. CSA (Central Statistical Authority). Homogeneity of variances was tested using F test as described by Gomez and Gomez [17]. Results of the economic analysis of the present experiment showed that the maximum net benefit of Ethiopian birr (ETB) 22,185.7ha1 with an acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR) (>100%) was obtained from planting of mung bean with 4015cm spacing (Table9). The standard spacing requirement for maize is 75cm by 25cm, this is spacing is used when you plant one maize seed per hole. Spacing 22x9.5 cm resulted in 26.85 tons per hectare production, which had attractive marketable bulb diameter and weight. Days to 50% flowering: when the flowering was noticed in the 50% of the plants per plot, it was considered as 50 percent flowering and days taken to this stage were considered as days to 50 percent flowering and expressed in number. FAOSTAT, The food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical database: romen farming, 2018, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize. Ph.D. dissertation. Corn does best when planted in at least two rows within a few feet of each other for good pollination. Explanation: Agriculture & Food Security J. K. Kirimi, F. M. Itulya, and V. N. Mwaja, Effects of nitrogen and spacing on fruit yield of tomato, African Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. 43, EARO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2004. Oad FC, Samo MA, Qayylan SM, Oad NL. (g/plant) and final yield (3.00 ton/ha). An Introduction to Crop Science. The reverse is true for Sefinesh. IV; 2016. Gomez KA, Gomez AA. Significant interaction effect of inter- and intra-row spacing was observed for days to maturity, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, grain yield, harvest index, days to flowering, plant height and aboveground dry biomass yield. Crop geometry refers to the shape of the space available for individual plants. Moreover, the interaction effect of intra- and inter-row spacing effect on harvest index was significant (P<0.05) (Table1). Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. Harder, D.B., Sprague, C.L., Renner, K.A. Save Time and Money by Learning How to Sharpen Bush Hog Blades at Home. Khan EA, Aslam M, Ahmad HK, Ayaz M, Hussain A. AB initiated the research, wrote the research proposal, conducted the research, did data entry and analysis and wrote the manuscript. It is easy for disease to spread from one plant to another if the plants are growing on top of one another, so plants growing too closely together are not as healthy as plants with enough space. (Best 2023 Explanation). [16] who indicated that higher number of marketable fruits is obtained on closer spacing. CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). In the case of the furrow distance, the highest marketable fruit yield was recorded from 60cm interrow spacing (7674kg), which is statistically in par with 80cm. (2007) Effect of soybean row width and population on weeds, crop yield, and economic return. De Bruin JL, Pedersen P. Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on soybean yield in the Upper Midwest. intercrop. Mondal MMA. Crop geometry is altered by changing inter and intra-row spacing (Planting pattern). hope it's helpful for you and mark as the brainliest, thanks for the above question and follow me guys. please, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Conversely, the excessive shading effect of other plants is minimized thus favoring more efficient photosynthesis and improved crop yield; 2. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publication(s) receiving 40 citation(s). In Ethiopia, mung bean covers about 27,086ha of land and produces 241,589.90 tons in main cropping season per annum with average productivity of 0.9tonha1 [12]. [24] who reported that the number of pods per plant of lentil was significantly influenced by plant density. The fruits were counted at each harvest time and expressed in numbers and converted to number of unmarketable fruits per hectare. Ali MZ, Khan MA, Rahaman AK, Ahmed M, Ahsan AF. Soybean is the grain crop that consistently benefits from narrow row spacing. Some varieties of it are eaten by man. DAP fertilizer was applied at a rate of 100 kgha1, and all other management practices were performed as per the general recommendations for green bean [15]. spp) demographics in glyphosate-resistant soybean. For example, both tillage practices resulted in similar grain yield when rows are either narrowly (0,52 m) or widely (0,90 m) spaced. 2010 - 2023 Crops Review. The common bean is the crop used as food, feed, and to improve soil fertility. [21] reported that the onset of flowering and 50% flowering date were significantly earlier as plant density decreased. What are the effects of inter row spacing on safflower? Among them, two of the most commonly followed practices are the mixed cropping and intercropping.Intercropping Vs Mixed Cropping. The centre of origin for tomato assumed to be the Andean zone. What is difference between mixed cropping and intercropping? The planting and post-planting operations were conducted according to recommended agronomic practices. As demand for organic food continues to rise, organic agriculture has attracted both longtime producers and new farmers into the industry. Effect of row spacing on the agronomic traits and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). This low level of production is associated with many problems in relation with poor agronomic management practices such as planting density, fertilizer, and irrigation water management. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation frequency and intra row spacing on growth, nodulation and agronomic performance of haricot bean at Arba Minch during dry season of 2018/19. [5], it is consumed in every household in different modes, but in certain areas, such as Wallo, Hararge, Shewa, Jimma, and Wallaga, acts as important costaple food. It is a good source of vitamins and minerals as it supplies Vitamin A, B, C, and D, minerals, Ca, P, and Fe [2]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Opposite to these results, Agele et al. Thus, it is very imperative to deploy Asian J Plant Sci. Single row planting of the intercrop can also be done between the rows of the maincrop. Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate, Issue No. It is easy to calculate or count the plant population in a given farm area. [9] reported that the interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing significantly affects both marketable and unmarketable yield of tomato. Early crop canopy formation blocks sunlight, decreases weed seedling emergence, and suppresses the growth of emerged weed seedlings. , ter plant. [9] reported that the shortest fruit length was recorded from a closer intrarow spacing of 20cm. Detection of differences among treatment means for significance was performed using DMRT (Duncans multiple range tests at 0.05 probability level). Row-planted crops are either arranged in equidistantsingle rowsor inmultiple rows. Marketable fruit number per hectare: those fruits from the ten tagged plants, which were free from visible damage, insect pest, diseases and not extra small-sized (>20g), were considered as marketable. In view of this, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of intra- and inter-row spacing on the yield and yield components of mung bean. New York: Wiley; 1984. It influences crop yield through its influence on light interception, rooting pattern and moisture extraction pattern. December 2009 to April 2010 cropping season to assess the effects of intra-row spacing and variety on yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). 2002;1(4):3289. Correct seed. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Am J Agric Biol Sci. The experiment was laid out using split-split plot design. In row-planted fruit trees and other perennial crops like coconut, oil palm, and rubber, the common types of planting or spatial arrangement are square,rectangular,quincunx, andtriangular or hexagonal. Are you able to identify the poet who wrote these lines? By using this website, you agree to our This might be due to higher inter- and intrarow competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients. It has maximum and minimum temperatures of 40.0 and 15.0C, respectively [14]. Different systems of planting arrangement within the row are practiced in both single and multiple row planting, depending on the characteristics and requirements of the crop, particularly its extent of canopy expansion. As a result of it, the two parameters were analyzed in separate locations. The high number of plants per unit area increased flower clusters which increased number of fruits. 1987. However, planting distance had shown no remarkable effect on primary branches of the tomato variety Weyno in the current experiment. Int J Exp Agric. (Not comparable) Between rows, particularly rows of crops. Intrarows spacing of 20, 30, and 40cm and inter-row spacing of 60, 80, 100, and 120cm were set in randomized complete block design with factorial scheme. In bananas, both single and multiple row arrangements are practiced. Marketable fruit number per hectare: those fruits from the ten tagged plants, which were free from visible damage, insect pest, diseases and not extra small-sized (>20g), were considered as marketable. There is a considerable difference in the life cycle and the duration of maturity in different crops, All crops have a similar life cycle and duration of maturity. 4 What are the two methods of sowing seed? The tomato seedlings were transplanted four weeks after planting into a well-harrowed and ridged field. It is a distance between seeds in a given row and the distance between several rows. Interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing significantly (<0.05) affected fruit length. The 20cm interrow spacing showed a marked increase in marketable fruit yield by 35.96% as compared to 30cm spacing used by farmers. How does inter row spacing affect plant height? 2017. On the other hand, the lowest unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from 120cm inter- and 40cm interrow spacing, which was statistically at par with 100cm interrow spacing. Narrow row spacing reduces the time the crop needs to close the canopy, thereby providing rapid shading and decreasing weeds competitive abilities and simultaneously decreasing the reliance on herbicides later in the season. Article This way you can go back between the rows and lightly cultivate for weed control until the crop starts to fill in between the rows. Plant height (cm): the plant height was measured from the base of the plants to the terminal growing point of the main stem at the end of the third harvest. A study conducted in Michigan tested four soybean seeding rates along with three-row spacings (7.5, 15, and 30-inch rows) and demonstrated the economic viability of planting in rows as narrow as 7.5-inches. Worse still, a single plant can produce hundreds of thousands of seeds, thus increasing the size of the soil seedbank in a single season. Abuzar MR, Sadozai GU, Baloch MS, Baloch AA, Shah IH, Javaid T, Hussain N. Effect of plant population densities on yield of maize. Crops Review is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. [20] reported that fruit diameter was not significantly affected by inter- and intrarow spacing. M.Sc. For most crops such as beans, corn, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, okra, peas and squash, 36-inch row spacing would be the minimum. (2023 Edition), NTTL Tractor Test: What You Must Know! Branch and reproductive structures are more dependent on cell division, which are mostly determined by the genetic characteristics of the plant. 2010;4:618596. With this planting arrangement, the planting density per hectare will be 2000. Studies with cotton have shown some benefits for increased competition with weeds; however, production in narrow rows has led to an increase in trash (leaf and stem tissue) in harvested fibers. 15, 2015. (Best 2023 Guide), Which Attachment for Snow Removal Should You Use? The seeds were separately drilled into the beds, covered lightly with a film of loosed soil, and mulched immediately using dry grasses. In contrast to this result, other researchers reported that higher number of marketable and unmarketable fruits was obtained in wider plant spacing [4, 17]. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Click to reveal The study was conducted in 2017 main cropping season at two locations in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, to determine the optimum inter- and intra-row spacing of mung bean for maximum yield and yield components. Crops are planted in rows or straight lines, either singly or in multiple rows, mainly to enhance maximum yields as well as for convenience. On the other hand, this result disagrees with Ara et al. Experiments were conducted at the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (3944N, 1417E), in 2016 and 2017. . 9195, 2012. Seed spacing Medium: In two rows of 2, plant four seeds or plants per square foot. You still need to control the weeds with tilling and hoeing early in the season. Hussain M, Mehmood Z, Khan MB, Farooq S, Lee DJ, Farooq M. Narrow row spacing ensures higher productivity of low tillering wheat cultivars. However, the production and productivity were affected by poor nutrition and fertilizer management, inappropriate interrow spacings, and the poor genetic makeup of the crops in Ethiopia. The treatment comprises of three intrarow spacing (20, 30, and 40 cm) and four interrow spacing (60, 80, 100 . Shibles, R.M., Weber, C.R. 12, 2015. Therefore, farmers can use 20cm intrarow spacing and 60cm interrow spacing for planting of tomato seedling of Weyno variety. Lemlem HG. Maximum grains/ear (759.750), shelling %age (81.75), and 1000-grain wt (209.75 g) were recorded at 25x50 cm plant and row spacing, while maximum emergence/m2 (9.41) was observed at 15x50 cm plant and row spacing, respectively. College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Extension Master Gardener program celebrates 50 years of cultivating green thumbs, UGA announces 2023 pollinator plants of the year, Treat now for stickers in your lawn, Cold protection options for growing fruit and vegetables throughout the winter, Begin the new year by starting plants from seed, UGA study aims to help farmers transitioning to organic production. Effect of N fertilizer and plant density on yield, seed quality, and oil content of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) at Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. This result was in line with El Naim et al. Furthermore, this result might be because wider spacing had a better light interception as compared to the narrow row spacing, resulting in more number of days to flowering of mung bean. This clearly indicated that plant spacing should be determined by considering cultivar, site, and management practices required. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Planting with an intrarow spacing of 20cm resulted in a higher yield of 35.96% and 36.97% compared to 30 and 40cm planting distance, respectively. Data were collected on major agronomic and phenological characters. A combination of intra-row spacing, sowing date, and pesticides on M. vitrata was carried out during the rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 respectively in Katsina, towards developing an integrated pest management on cowpea. Keep in mind that the wider your row spacing becomes, the more weeds you will have to deal with. 917923, 2007. At present, mung bean cultivation spreads widely in Africa, South America, Australia and in many Asian countries [3]. Seed spacing small: Place eight plants and seeds on each square foot in two rows. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from tropical to subtropical areas around the world [1]. Crops that rapidly develop a dense canopy often have a shorter CPWC. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); "Every day is Earth Day when you work in agriculture.". One such method of precision agriculture is correct seed spacing. These contrasting results might be due to variations in crop management practices, variety, and environmental conditions where the crop is grown. As a University of Georgia Cooperative Extension agent, I answer hundreds of gardening question. 2, no. Marketable fruit weight per hectare (kg ha, Unmarketable fruit weight per plant (kg ha. But in thedrill method, the only consideration is a uniformnumber of plants per linear meter. Effect of plant density on flowering date, yield and quality attribute of bush beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) under center pivot irrigation system. (2003) Economic analysis of row spacing for corn and soybean. Measure the distance between the rows of trees. Borger, C.P.D. In multiple cropping byintercropping, the intercrop can be planted in any of the following ways: (Abellanosa AL, HM Pava. Row spacing in raised bed gardens is often closer than in traditional plowed gardens. A space between plots is provided to allow passage. Some gardeners prefer slightly wider rows for certain crops like okra because it's just a pain, literally, to have to harvest without some headroom. Results from the analysis of variance indicated that both the main effect and their interaction effect of inter- and intra- row spacing were highly significant (P<0.01) on the number of pods per plant (Table4) at Metema site two. Gondar Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Proper method of sowing is among the important biotic factors that determine the proper plant population, which improves the performance and productivity of plants in the field. The increase in yield was variety-dependent, thus suggesting that the genetic potential of the varieties needs to be considered when using plant density to increase yields. Studies dating back to 1966 demonstrated row spacing of 10 inches reached 95% sunlight interception 17 days earlier than 30 inch rows; full canopy closure happened 40 days earlier in narrow rows (Shibles and Weber 1966). The fruits were counted at each harvest time, averaged converted to number of marketable fruits per hectare, and expressed in numbersUnmarketable fruit number per hectare: fruits with cracks, rotting, damage by insects, diseases, and birds, and sunburn, as well as extra small-sized fruits, were collected from ten tagged plants and were considered as unmarketable. Shamsi K, Kobraee S. Effect of plant density on the growth, yield and yield components of three soybean varieties under climatic conditions of Kermanshah, Iran. However, the abnormalities of intra- and inter-network functional connectivity (FC) in schizophrenia and its relationship to symptoms remain unknown. Row Width = Minimum Module Row Spacing + Cos (Tilt Angle) x Module Width. volume7, Articlenumber:84 (2018) Spacing is not just the space between your crops, it is the adequate feeding area or the most convenient area required by a particular plant to thrive and develop well. 26142619, 2017. Weeds compete with crops for essential resources (sunlight, nutrients, water, and space); if they outcompete the crop this can lead to significant yield loss. 4, pp. Highly competitive weeds that grow rapidly during this period can cause significant yield reduction even at low densities; wide-row spacing exacerbates the problem. Combinations of researches on inter- and intra-row spacing is lacking in boosting productivity of mung bean in northwestern Ethiopia. Its requirement in growing in areas where the rainy season is short, and its wide adaptability together with its digestibility makes mung bean cultivated all over the world [3]. Rate this post by clicking on a star above, Precision agriculture is a method of applying inputs at the correct rate and place in the field to achieve the best crop growth stage. How do I check if I have a warrant in Riverside County? The combined main effect of intra- and inter-row spacing had a significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index (Table1). Seed spacing is the distance between seeds in a given row and the distance between rows. Agricultural Sample Surveys, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, CSA (Central Statistical Agency), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018. This disease may become prominent if the field has had a history of having these pathogens in it. Abrha et al. Adaptation study of improved mung bean (Vigna radiata L) varieties at Alduba, south Omo Ethiopia.
